Roczniki
gleboznawcze Tom LVII nr 3/4, Warszawa 2006: 1–176
Spis treści
Becher M., Kalembasa D.: Charakterystyka bituminów
leśnych gleb
rdzawych i
bielicowych na Nizinie Południowopodlaskiej.characteristic
of
bitumens of forest haplic arenosols and haplic podzols located on
south Podlasie lowland. ........ 5
Czarnowska K., Nowakowski W.: Zmiany zawartości Fe, Mn,
Zn, Cu, Pb w
trawach zieleńców
warszawy. Changes
in the content of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu,
Pb
in grasses from lawns of warsaw. ...........13
Frankowska-łukawska J.,
Chachulski Ł..: typy gleb i zespoły roślinne
powyżej wtórnej granicy lasu na połoninach w paśmie
czarnohory. soil
types
and plant associations above the secondary forest border on
poloninas
in chernohora mountains. ........... 18
Jóźwiakowski K., Marzec
M., Obroślak R.: Zmiany stanu jakości wód
powierzchniowych w dolinie rzeki ciemięgi w latach
1999–2004. Changes
of
surface
water quality in the valley of Ciemięga river in 1999–2004 ....... 37
Kalembasa D., Becher M.: Węgiel i azot w wydzielonych
frakcjach
materii organicznej
leśnych gleb rdzawych i bielicowych niziny
południowopodlaskiej.
carbon and nitrogen in separated
fractions of
organic
matter in forest haplic arenosols and haplic
podzols
of south podlasie lowland. ........... 44
Kaźmierowski C.,
Spychalski M., Kaczmarek
Z.: Accuracy of the
indirect
methods of hydraulic conductivity estimation in selected soils
of wielkopolska province. Dokładność pośrednich metod
estymacji
współczynnika filtracji w wybranych glebach
wielkopolski. ......... 55
Kołodziej B.,
Słowińska-jurkiewicz A., Jońca M.: Właściwości
powietrzne
gleby rekultywowanej na
terenie po kopalni siarki. air
properties
of reclaimed soil on the area of abandoned sulphur mine.
....... 66
Noworolnik K.,
Terelak H.: Wpływ agrochemicznych właściwości gleb
na plon ziarna i białka jęczmienia jarego i owsa oraz ich
mieszanki. The
effect
of soil properties on grain and protein yields of spring barley,
oats
and their mixture. ...........72
Oleszczuk P.,
Baran S.: Zastosowanie biotestów do oceny
zanieczyszczenia gleb przez wielopierścieniowe
węglowodory
aromatyczne.
.Application of biotests to evaluation of soil
contamination
by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ........... 80
Paszko T.: Wpływ konkurencyjnych oddziaływań Cr3+ i Cu2+
z Cd2+, Co2+,
Ni2+, Pb2+ lub Zn2+ na wielkość ich sorpcji oraz
desorpcji w glebie.
Influence
of competitive interactions of Cr3+ and
Cu2+ with Cd2+,
Co2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ or Zn2+ on the volume of
their sorption and desorption
in
a soil. ......... 90
Pietrzykowski M.: właściwości gleb powstających na
rekultywowanych i
pozostawionych sukcesji terenach wyrobiska po
eksploatacji piasków
podsadzkowych. properties of soils formed on reclaimed
areas and
areas
left
for succession on abandoned sand excavation. ........... 97
Rusek A.: Aktywność dehydrogenaz w glebie
zanieczyszczonej olejem
napędowym w polowym doświadczeniu lizymetrycznym. Dehydrogenase activity
in
soils polluted by diesel oil in a field lysimeter experiment . ...... 106
Skorbiłowicz E.: wpływ rodzaju zlewni na stężenia ołowiu,
cynku i
miedzi w osadach dennych wybranych dopływów górnej narwi.
Influence
of
type
of drainage basin on concentrations of
lead, zinc and copper in
bottom
sediments selected tributaries of upper
Narew. ....... 117
Skorbiłowicz M.: ocena wpływu rodzaju oraz intensywności
źródeł
zanieczyszczeń wód rzeki Supraśl. Evaluation of pollution
sources
influence
on river Supraśl water. ........ 127
Wolna-Maruwka A.,
Sawicka A.: Aktywność oddechowa
gleby
nawożonej
osadem ściekowym. respiration activity in the soil fertilised
with
sewage sludge. ........... 135
Zubala T., Węgorek T.,
Patro M.: Zmiany użytkowania gleb silnie
urzeźbionej zlewni w aspekcie ochrony Krajobrazu. the
soil use changes
in
high relief catchment in aspect of the
landscape conservation. ........ 144
Artykół problemowy
Konecka-Betley K., Czępińska-Kamińska D., Okołowicz M.,
Zagórski
Z.: Procesy glebotwórcze w lessowych glebach kopalnych
odsłonięcia
polanów samborzecki –
okolice sandomierza. pedogenetic processes in
palaeosols
of the polanów samborzecki loesses exposure – vicinity of
sandomierz. ........... 152
Chojnicki J.: Profesor Marian Kępka (1922–2005) – Wspomnienie. ......... 175
Becher M., Kalembasa D.: Charakterystyka bituminów
leśnych
gleb rdzawych i
bielicowych na Nizinie Południowopodlaskiej.
characteristic
of bitumens of forest haplic arenosols and haplic podzols
located
on south Podlasie lowland.
Abstract:
In this paper presented are the elemental
composition and
IR
spectra of soil bitumens extracted from organic and mineral horizons
of
forest Haplic Arenosols and Haplic
Podzols, situated in South
Podlasie
Lowland. The elemental composition of investigated bitumens did
not
differ and the average content of
elements (in the atomic percents)
was
as follows: C – 34.7; O – 7.60; H – 57.4; N – 0.24 and (in g · kg–1)
S
– 2.35; P – 0.66. IR spectra showed intensive absorption of waves in
the
ranges characteristic for the aliphatic chains, and less intensive
(disappearing
as the depth of the profile increased) in respect to the
aromatic rings/./
Słowa kluczowe: bituminy, skład elementarny, IR, gleby
rdzawe, gleby
bielicowe.
Key
words: bitumens, elemental composition, IR, Haplic Arenosols,
Haplic Podzols.
Czarnowska K., Nowakowski W.: Zmiany zawartości Fe, Mn,
Zn, Cu,
Pb
w trawach zieleńców Warszawy Changes in
the content of Fe, Mn, Zn,
Cu,
Pb in grasses from lawns of warsaw.
Abstract:
The present paper refers to the study on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and
Pb
concentration in grasses situated in different places of Warsaw.
Considering
twenty five years period covered by the present study the
concentration
of lead has doubled in studied grasses, while the
concentration
of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu in grasses has been
stable.
Słowa kluczowe: trawy, żelazo, cynk, miedź, ołów,
zanieczyszczenie,
zieleńce.
Key
words: grasses, iron, zinc, copper, lead, pollution, lawns.
Frankowska-Łukawska J., Chachulski Ł.: Typy gleb i
zespoły roślinne
powyżej wtórnej granicy lasu na połoninach w paśmie
czarnohory. soil
types
and plant associations above the secondary forest border on
poloninas
in chernohora mountains.
Abstract:
In the years 2001–2003 the phytosociological and soil
investigations
were conducted in the alpine and subalpine belt of
Chernohora
Mountains. On the basis of percentage of soil granulometric
fractions
and chemical properties of soil, three soil types were
identified.
Phytosociological investigations carried out simultaneously,
indicated
that particular plant associations occur on specific soil
types.
Alpine phytocenoses Caricetum sempervirentis and
Rododendretum
myrtifolii occur on Lithic Leptosols.
Pulmonario-Alnetum
viridis and Calamagrostietum villosae in
typical
form with smallest species richness but bigger amount of
characteristic
plants occur on Lithic Leptosols while
Pulmonario-Alnetum
viridis anthropogenic form of
Calamagrostietum
villosae and Poo-Deschampsietum caespitosae
occur
on Leptic Cambisols. On Leptic Regosols only Caricetum
sempervirentis
was detected.
Słowa kluczowe:gleby górskie, subalpejskie zbiorowiska
roślinne,
Karpaty Wschodnie, Czarnohora.
Key
words: mountain soils, subalpine plant cover, Eastern
Carpathians,
Chernohora Mountains Range.
Jóźwiakowski K., Marzec
M., Obroślak R.: Zmiany stanu jakości wód
powierzchniowych w dolinie rzeki ciemięgi w latach
1999–2004. changes of
surface
water quality in the valley of Ciemięga river in 1999–2004.
Abstract:
This study presents the results of investigations
concerning
changes of the surface water quality in
Valley of Ciemięga
River.
The investigations were conducted in 1999–2004. The samples for
analyses
were taken from four ponds and from the Ciemięga River in
Jastków and Snopków. The water quality in ponds and in
the Ciemięga
River
has been qualified to the fourth and fifth class of water quality.
The
indicators which decrease water quality are: BOD5, COD, total
nitrogen,
phosphates, total suspended solids and iron. no clear
improvement
of water quality in analyzed reservoirs and Ciemięga river
was
observed recently.
Słowa kluczowe: jakość wód powierzchniowych, zlewnia
rolnicza.
Key
words: surface water quality, agricultural catchment.
Kalembasa D., Becher M.: Węgiel i azot w wydzielonych
frakcjach
materii organicznej leśnych gleb rdzawych i bielicowych
niziny
południowopodlaskiej.
carbon and nitrogen in separated
fractions of
organic
matter in forest haplic arenosols and haplic podzols of south
podlasie
lowland.
Abstract:
The content of total carbon and nitrogen in organic matter
and
in different fractions in forest soils
of the South Podlasie
Lowland
region is presented. The content of organic carbon in the
analyzed
fractions was as follows (% C in Ct): bitumen 2.70–18.2, fulvic
acids
9.50–59.8, humic acid 3.28–37.6, in residue after extraction
15.8–71.0
and nitrogen respectively (% N in Nt): 0.57–55.1; 12.4–53.3;
10.1–60.0;
3.77–74.4. The content of nitrogen expressed as total amount
and
in fractions was differentiated among analyzed profiles, and was
significantly
correlated with the content of organic carbon. The
differentiated
values of ratio C:N confirmed big variability in the
quality
of organic matter depending on the type of soil and genetic
horizons.
Słowa kluczowe: materia organiczna gleb, gleby rdzawe,
gleby bielicowe.
Key
words: soil organic matter, Haplic Arenosols,
Haplic
Podzols.
Kaźmierowski C., Spychalski M., Kaczmarek Z.: Accuracy of
the
indirect
methods of hydraulic conductivity estimation in selected soils
of wielkopolska province. Dokładność pośrednich metod
estymacji
współczynnika filtracji w wybranych glebach wielkopolski.
Abstract:
The accuracies of estimation of saturated hydraulic
conductivity
with the use of selected pedotransfer functions have been
analysed
for a set of results from 73 soil horizons. The highest
accuracy
has been obtained for estimations with the power function model
Ks
= B(f/d//)n proposed by Ahuja et al. [1984]. The authors propose new
values
of B and n parameters of this dependence derived for selected
soils
of Wielkopolska for which a higher accuracy of Ks estimation has
been
obtained than those achieved in the earlier published proposals.
Abstrakt: W pracy przeanalizowano dokładność estymacji
współczynnika filtracji – Ks przy użyciu wybranych
funkcji PTF
(pedotransfer function). Analizy przeprowadzone na
zbiorze oznaczeń
z 73 poziomów glebowych wykazały, iż największą
dokładność estymacji Ks
zapewnia zależność Ks = B(fd)n [Ahuja i in. 1984]. Dla
zależności tej
opracowano własne parametry uzyskując wzrost dokładności
estymacji Ks w
badanych glebach w stosunku do publikowanych rozwiązań.
Key
words: saturated hydraulic conductivity, drainage porosity,
pedotransfer
function (PTF).
Słowa kluczowe: współczynnik filtracji (Ks), porowatość
drenażowa,
funkcje PTF.
Kołodziej B., Słowińska-Jurkiewicz A., Jońca M.:
Właściwości
powietrzne
gleby rekultywowanej na
terenie po kopalni siarki. air
properties
of reclaimed soil on the area of abandoned sulphur mine.
Abstract:
The present project aims at research on the air properties
of
soil on a devastated area of abandoned
sulphur mine in Jeziórko near
Tarnobrzeg.
Serious problem of this area is not only chemical
degradation,
but also degradation of physical properties of soil cover,
first
of all, water-air properties of soil. The research was conducted
on
fields of different reclamation direction (meadow and forest) and on
fields
during reclamation. It was stated that the most advantageous air
properties
occurred on the fields (especially meadow) six years after
reclamation,
the worst on the field directly after technical reclamation
and
introduction of sewage sludge.
Słowa kluczowe: właściwości powietrzne, gleby
zdegradowane, rekultywacja.
Key
words: air properties, deformed soils, reclamation.
Noworolnik K., Terelak H.: Wpływ agrochemicznych
właściwości
gleb na plon ziarna i białka jęczmienia jarego i owsa
oraz ich
mieszanki.
The effect of soil properties on grain and protein yields of
spring
barley, oats and their mixture.
Abstract: A series of field experiments with spring
barley, oats and
their
mixture were carried out across Poland in years 1987–2003. Grain
yield,
protein content in grain and protein yield of cereals as effected
by
soil pH and P, K and Mg content in soil were determined. The highest
grain
and protein yields of cereals were obtained at soil pH above 5.5
and
at P content above 48 mg, K content above 130 mg and Mg content
above
60 mg in kg of soil. Higher protein content in grain of barley and
oats
was stated in the case of lower soil pH and lower P, K and Mg
content
in soil.
Słowa kluczowe: pH gleby, zasobność gleby w P, K i
Mg, zboża jare,
plon ziarna i białka.
Key
words: soil pH; P, K and Mg content in soil, spring cereals, grain
and
protein yields
Oleszczuk P.,
Baran S.: Zastosowanie biotestów do oceny
zanieczyszczenia gleb przez wielopierścieniowe
węglowodory aromatyczne.
Application
of biotests to evaluation of soil contamination by
polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons
Abstract:
The aim of the present study was to determine
relationships
between the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
and
results from biotests (Phytotoxkit F, Ostracodtoxkit F). The
experimental
soils were collected from: Silesia, Lublin, Biała Podlaska
and
Sokolniki. The PAH content ranged widely from 363 to 27883 mg ·
kg–1.
Only in the case of L. sativum
significant statistical
relationships
were noted between root lengths after 3 days of incubation
and
PAH content, and between root length of S. alba and the content
of 5- and
6-ring PAHs after 6 days of incubation.
Słowa kluczowe: WWA, toksyczność, gleba, antropopresja,
TZO, biotesty.
Key
words: PAHs, toxicity, soil, anthropopressure, POPs, biotests. .
Paszko T.: Wpływ konkurencyjnych oddziaływań Cr3+ i Cu2+
z Cd2+,
Co2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ lub Zn2+ na wielkość ich sorpcji oraz
desorpcji w
glebie.
Influence of competitive interactions of
Cr3+ and Cu2+ with
Cd2+,
Co2+, Ni2+, Pb2+ or Zn2+ on the volume of their sorption and
desorption
in a soil.
Abstract:
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of
competition
between selected heavy metal cations on range of their
non-specific
and specific sorption. The mono-component CrCl3 or CuCl2,
two-component
CrCl3 and CuCl2 and three component solutions CrCl3,
CuCl2
and CdCl2, CoCl2, NiCl2, Pb(NO3)2 or ZnCl2 were introduced into
the
columns with samples from the Ap horizon of Albic Luvisols.
Desorption
with 0.05 mol · dm–3 solution of CaCl2 was
the method chosen
to
evaluate the range of non-specific sorption. In comparison with the
one-component
systems, in two-component set a significant decrease of
both
non-specific and specific sorption of Cr3+ and Cu2+ appeared. In
the
three-component sets both kinds of sorption of
these ions were
limited
most effectively by Pb2+ and in small degree by Cd2+, Co2+,
Ni2+
and Zn2+ cations.
Słowa kluczowe: gleba, chrom, miedź, sorpcja
konkurencyjna, desorpcja.
Key
words: soil, chromium, copper, competitive sorption, desorption.
Pietrzykowski M.: właściwości gleb powstających na
rekultywowanych i
pozostawionych sukcesji terenach wyrobiska po
eksploatacji piasków
podsadzkowych.
properties of soils formed on reclaimed areas and areas
left
for succession on abandoned sand excavation.
Abstract:
The paper presents properties of soils formed in reclaimed
areas
and in areas left for succession on a sand excavation in
chronesequence
of 5, 17, 20, 25 years. In both categories of areas there
was
an increase of organic carbon content and thickness of the initial
organic-mineral
horizon corresponding with soil age, although in
reclaimed
areas the horizon was twice as thick. Investigated soils
showed
low sorption capacity and nutrient content but changes of these
characteristics
were not connected with soil age. Only loamy material
insertions
resulted in an increase of these features.
Słowa kluczowe: wyrobisko popiaskowe, sukcesja,
rekultywacja,
inicjalne
gleby.
Key
words: sand excavation, succession, reclamation, initial soils.
Rusek A.:
Aktywność dehydrogenaz w glebie zanieczyszczonej olejem
napędowym w polowym doświadczeniu lizymetrycznym. Dehydrogenase activity
in
soils polluted by diesel oil in a field lysimeter experiment.
Abstract:
Oil product spills modify the activity of microorganisms. In
this
paper dehydrogenase activity in soils polluted by fuel oil is
discussed.
In field experiments the influence of mineral fertilization
and
fatty acid ether methyl addition on dehydrogenase activity in soils
polluted
by fuel oil was investigated. The results showed that pH is the
most
important factor influencing dehydrogenase activity; growing of
acidity
caused a decrease in activity. Dehydrogenase activity was lower
in
fertilized soils, probably due to physiologically acidic nitrogen
fertilizer
effect. Addition of 5% mass fraction of rape fatty acid
methyl
ethers in the whole mass of pollution caused an increase in
dehydrogenase
activity six months after the experiment was established.
Słowa kluczowe: aktywność dehydrogenaz, olej napędowy,
nawożenie,
biopaliwo.
Key
words: dehydrogenase activity, diesel oil, fertilization,
biodiesel.
Skorbiłowicz E.: wpływ rodzaju zlewni na stężenia ołowiu,
cynku
i miedzi w osadach dennych wybranych dopływów górnej
narwi. Influence
of
type
of drainage basin on concentrations of
lead, zinc and copper in
bottom
sediments selected tributaries of upper
Narew.
Abstract:
Studies were carried out in years 2003 and 2004 in the
catchment
basin of the upper Narew. 155 samples of sediments were taken
to
determine total content of lead, zinc and copper. Concentrations of
analysed
elements were found to be related to the type of land use. In
most
of investigated area sediments are
mostly polluted by lead. Copper
mostly
is present on geochemical background level.
Słowa kluczowe: metale ciężkie, osady denne, rzeki.
Key
words: heavy metals, bottom sediments, rivers.
Skorbiłowicz M.: ocena wpływu rodzaju oraz intensywności
źródeł
zanieczyszczeń wód rzeki supraśl. Evaluation of pollution
sources
influence
on river Supraśl water.
Abstract:
Multi-factorial analysis was applied to identify the
pollution
sources of river Supraśl. The analysis made possible to
identify
and evaluate the intensity of main pollution sources influence.
Determinations
and analyses revealed that Gródek town, Białystok city,
and
post-bog soils localized in region of Upper and Lower Supraśl were
main
sources of water pollution. Area with Puszcza Knyszyńska, fragment
of
river Supraśl flows through, is an ecotone zone for the river, and it
does
not introduce additional chemicals.
Słowa kluczowe: rzeka, azotany V, analiza czynnikowa.
Key
words: river, nitrates, factor analysis.
Wolna-Maruwka A., Sawicka A.: Aktywność oddechowa gleby
nawożonej
osadem ściekowym.respiration activity in the soil fertilised
with
sewage sludge.
Abstract:
The main aim of the research was to investigate the rate of
organic
matter decomposition implicated by the amount of released CO2
from
the soil. the rate of organic matter decomposition is an index of
metabolic
activity of microbiological communities inhabiting the soil.
Furthermore,
correlation between the respiration activity and the number
of
microorganisms in the loam sand with addition of sewage sludge and
white
mustard plants (Sinapis alba L.) cultivation was also
investigated
in the experiment. The release of CO2 from the soil was
determined
using the absorption method. 0.5 N NaOH was titrated using
0.1
N HCl in presence of phenolphtalein. The CO2 quantity and numbers of
microorganisms
in the soil were determined in five, consecutive mustard
plants
developmental phases. It was stated that CO2 quantity did not
correlate
with the number of all studied groups microorganisms as
Salmonella
sp., E. coli, Clostridium/ sp., Azotobacter sp., the
total
bacteria number, fungi, actinomycetes. The highest respiration
activity
in the soil was found in the
combination with loam sand+sewage
sludge+mustard
plants in the term – directly after harvest.
Słowa kluczowe: osad ściekowy, gleba, mikroorganizmy,
CO2, oddychanie.
Key
words: sewage sludge, soil, microorganisms, CO2, respiration.
Zubala T., Węgorek T., Patro M.: Zmiany użytkowania gleb
silnie urzeźbionej zlewni w aspekcie ochrony krajobrazu.
the soil use
changes
in high relief catchment in aspect of
the landscape
conservation.
Abstract:
Changes of land management in dried valley basin situated
in
Kazimierski Landscape Park (1991–2005) were studied. Due to the
economics
transformations in agriculture, the area of fallows increased
up
to 24% of basin area in 2001. The growth of weeds and trees causes
degradation
of ecological and visual virtues of the landscape. In 2005,
the
share of fallows decreased to 16%. However, the most valuable
landscapes
with rural elements (e.g. systems of terraces caused by
plough
cultivation) disappear as a result of
tree succession. Land
reclamation
tending to extensive green lands is recommended to protect
the
Park’s specificity.
Słowa kluczowe: użytkowanie gleb, zlewnia lessowa,
krajobraz rolniczy.
Key
words: soil usage, loessic catchment, agricultural landscape.
Konecka-Betley K., Czępińska-Kamińska D., Okołowicz M.,
Zagórski
Z.: Procesy glebotwórcze w lessowych glebach kopalnych
odsłonięcia
polanów samborzecki –
okolice sandomierza. pedogenetic processes in
palaeosols
of the polanów samborzecki loesses exposure – vicinity of
sandomierz.
Abstract:
The paper presents results of various pedological analyses
carried
out in the exposure of loesses and alluvial deposits in Polanów
Samborzecki.
The exposure is located in the embankment of River Vistula
in
the vicinity of Sandomierz (SE Poland). During the study period its
length
reached ca 150 m, and the top of the exposure was situated at 165
m
above sea level, ca 20 m above the present-day Vistula valley.
Typologically
and geochronologically different palaeosols, developed
from
loesses or sandy loesses, underlain by older alluvia of River
Vistula,
have been recognized and distinguished in three parts of the
exposure,
based on their morphological, physical-chemical and
micromorphological
features. The stratigraphy of the analysed loesses
has
been based on the presence and typological development of soils
representing
different ranges, i.e. on pedostratigraphy, where soils are
thus
treated as formal lithostratigraphic units of the Quaternary.
Results
of the analyses allowed to construct a scheme of palaeosol
occurrence
in the study area (Fig. 1). The oldest soil is developed from
upper
Wartanian loess during the Eemian Interglacial. This is incomplete
Albic
Luvisol, overprinted with gley processes taking place at the end
of
the interglacial. This soil lies on older alluvial deposits of the
Vistula.
In its upper part occur the mollic horizon of interstadial
Glossic
Chernozhem, developed from loess of the lowermost Vistulian,
deposited
in completely different cool climatic conditions. Typically
both
soils are distinguished as a palaeosol set, developed during the
Eemian
Interglacial and Early Vistulian. However, in those cases where
the
interstadial Albic Luvisol is better preserved, it is appropriate to
distinguish
two separate soil units. From the lower younger loess
developed
an interstadial, in some cases interphasal, Calcic Gleysol,
which
disappears in part of the exposure. The youngest palaeosol, also
of
interstadial origin, which developed from the middle younger loess,
is
Gleyic Cambisol. Traces of gley processes can also be observed in
this
case. In turn, from the upper younger loess, occurring on the
surface
of the study area, Gleyic Cambisols or Albic Luvisols, and in
topographic
lows – also Glossic Chernozhems developed. Interglacial
palaeopedologic
processes of the Vistulian or Eemian Interglacial had a
similar
course in comparison to the pedological processes of the
Holocene,
which is treated here as an interglacial.
Słowa kluczowe: gleby kopalne, interglacjał eemski,
procesy glebotwórcze.
Key
words: palaeosols, Eemian Interglacial, pedogenetic processes.